| To work for the proper implementation of canon law is to play an extraordinarily constructive role in continuing the redemptive mission of Christ. Pope St. John Paul II |
|
Updated 14 dec 2024
|
|
|
|
|
| Sacramental Law (AT 881) |
| Notices ► | Final exam, Thursday, 10:30AM to 11:30 AM. |
| Quick links | Penance | Baptism | Order |
| General remarks
| Note: Before consulting this page see my Master Page for Sacred Heart Major Seminary Students, here.
Overview: This course presents the ecclesiastical law of the sacraments (except Matrimony, treated in AT 746).
Class meets: Room 114, Tuesdays and Thursdays, 10:00 to 11:25 AM.
Required texts: No texts need be purchased for this course, but students will need access to:
Canon Law Society of America, Code of Canon Law, Latin-English Edition, New English Translation (Canon Law Society of America, 2012) ISBN: 1-932208-32-1. This volume is out of print, increasingly out-of-date, and generally over-priced in the used book market. A copy, however, is on reserve in the Szoka Library and the text of the law is usually available on-line here.
Other resources such as the Catechism of the Catholic Church (esp. Part II) and the Roman Ritual may be consulted to the degree they impact sacramental law but students need not bring either the Ritual or the Catechism to class.
Class format: Interactive lecture. The order of legislation is not always the order of presentation.
Course grading: 80% of grade is based on two exams (consisting of multiple choice, true/false, fill-in-the-blank, and short answer questions focusing on required readings and matters discussed in class) and 20% of grade will be based on a 'draft homily' and' bulletin-insert' project, as follows: Compose, in 300 to 500 words, a homilette and a bulletin insert/column on the canon law governing any two of the following sacramental law topics:
The necessity of verifying a founded hope that a child will be brought up in the Catholic religion prior to permitting the baptism of that child (Canon 868 § 1 n. 2). The requirement of using chrism consecrated by a bishop in the celebration of confirmation (Canon 880 § 2). The obligation on the Christian faithful to confess grave sins at least once a year (Canon 989). The obligation of those close to the sick to call for Anointing of the Sick at the appropriate time (Canon 1001). The obligation of the Christian faithful to reveal any impediments to ordination of which they are aware (Canon 1043).
Course Outcome: Upon completion of this course the successful student will have a grasp of the canon law of governing the administration of the sacraments (excepting Matrimony) and recognize how it applies in a pastoral context.
SHMS Bulletin description: This course will be an extensive study of the canons regarding the Sacraments of Initiation, Sacraments of Healing, and Orders. There will be a special emphasis on Book Four of the Code of Canon Law. 3 credits. (Prerequisite: AT 780 or MNS 300 or PM 550).
|
| Resources
Bibliography
Scripture quotations from RSV-Catholic edition (Ignatius Press).
| In addition to the standard canonical commentaries, scholarly works useful for graduate-level study of Catholic sacraments and sacramental law include:
John Huels (American layman, 1950-), The Pastoral Companion: a Canon Law Handbook for Catholic Ministry, New Series, (Wilson & Lafleur, 4th ed., 2009) 476 pp., hereafter Huels, Pastoral Comp. ≡ Huels note.
John Huels (American layman, 1950-), Liturgy and Law: Liturgical Law in the System of Roman Catholic Canon Law (Wilson & Lafleur, 2006) 249 pp. ≡ Huels note.
Peter Elliot (Australian prelate, 1943-), Liturgical Question Box: Answers to common questions about the modern liturgy (Ignatius, 1997) 189 pp., hereafter Elliot, Question Box.
P. Fink, ed., The New Dictionary of Sacramental Worship (Liturgical Press, 1990) 1351 pp.
John Huels (American layman, 1950-), Disputed Questions in the Liturgy Today (Liturgy Training Publications, 1988), 125 pp., hereafter Huels, Questions. ≡ Huels note.
A. Martimort, ed., The Church at Prayer: An Introduction to the Liturgy, (Liturgical Press, rev. ed., 1986-1988) in 4 vols., esp. vol. III The Sacraments (1988) 331 pp.
Coleman ONeill (Irish Dominican, 1929-1987), Meeting Christ in the Sacraments [1964], (Alba House, rev. by R. Cessario,1991) 313 pp.
Eduardus Regatillo (Spanish Jesuit, 1882-1975), Ius Sacrametarium [1945], (Sal Terrae, 4th ed., 1964) 998 pp.
Nicholas Halligan (American Dominican, 1917-1997), The Administration of the Sacraments (Alba House, 1963) 585 pp. See also id., The Sacraments and their Celebration (Alba, 1986) 284 pp.
Bernard Piault (French priest, 1976) What is a Sacrament?, (20th Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism 49, Hawthorn, 1963), 174 pp., Mansons trans. of Piault, Quest-ce quun sacrament? (1963).
Bernard Leeming (English Jesuit,1893-1971), Principles of Sacramental Theology [1956], (Newman, 2nd ed., 1963) 720 pp.
Lancelot Sheppard (English layman, 1906-1971), The Liturgical Books (20th Century Encyclopedia of Catholicism 109, Hawthorn, 1962) 112 pp.
Henry Davis (English Jesuit, 1866-1952), Moral and Pastoral Theology [1935], (Sheed & Ward, 3rd ed., 1938), in 4 vols., esp. vol. III & IV.
Dom Augustine [Charles Bachofen] (Swiss/American Benedictine, 1872-1944), Liturgical Law (Herder, 1931), 460 pp. Internet archive, here.
Felix Cappello (Roman Jesuit, 1879-1962), Tractatus canonico-moralis de sacramentis iuxta Codicem juris canonici [c. 1920s], (Marietti, 7th ed., 1962) in 5 vols.
|
| Study technique
| While understanding the 1983 Johanno-Pauline Code of Canon Law requires a firm grounding in the documents of the Second Vatican Council and familiarity with the scope and method of the 1917 Pio-Benedictine Code of Canon Law (1917), the focus of this course is on the 1983 Code itself, as modified from time to time since promulgation. Because it is essential to deal directly with the text of the revised law the following four-step approach to studies should be followed:
Read the canons assigned below as a whole, straight through, but carefully.
Identify and consider the footnoted sources, known as fontes, cited for the canons.
Using a standard commentary re-read the individual canons along with the scholarly remarks on each.
Re-read the canons as a whole this time recalling the key points made by the commentaries.
|
| Eastern Canon Law | This course is directed to the exposition of Roman Catholic canon law, but Sacred Heart Major Seminary is entrusted with the academic formation of many Eastern Catholics and their sacramental law usually complements, but occasionally contrasts with, Roman. Here, three kinds of observations on Eastern Code of Canon Law ( CCEO) are offered as follows: a Western canon followed by CCEO with a simple canon number indicates the Eastern canon that corresponds (sometimes very closely) to the Roman canon in question, while CCEO with a canon number and a comment (flagged with a 'blue note'), indicates notable differences between Eastern law and the corresponding Roman provision. Western canons with no CCEO provision identified have no parallel Eastern provision.
|
|
|
Lecture resumes here.
Relationship between (sacramental) doctrine and law.
St. John Paul II, ap. con. Sacrae disciplinae leges (25 ian 1983) [Ά 18]. The instrument which the Code is fully corresponds to the nature of the Church, especially as it is proposed by the teaching of the Second Vatican Council... Indeed, in a certain sense, this new Code could be understood as a great effort to translate this same doctrine... into canonical language.
1983 CIC 836. Since Christian worship, in which the common priesthood of the Christian faithful is carried out, is a work which proceeds from faith and is based on it, sacred ministers are to take care to arouse and enlighten this faith diligently, especially through the ministry of the word, which gives birth to and nourishes the faith.
1983 CIC 837. § 1. Liturgical actions are not private actions but celebrations of the Church itself which is the sacrament of unity, that is, a holy people gathered and ordered under the bishops. Liturgical actions therefore belong to the whole body of the Church and manifest and affect it; they touch its individual members in different ways, however, according to the diversity of orders, functions, and actual participation. § 2. Inasmuch as liturgical actions by their nature entail a common celebration, they are to be celebrated with the presence and active participation of the Christian faithful where possible. CCEO 673.
1983 CIC 839. § 1. The Church carries out the function of sanctifying also by other means, both by prayers in which it asks God to sanctify the Christian faithful in truth, and by works of penance and charity which greatly help to root and strengthen the kingdom of Christ in souls and contribute to the salvation of the world. § 2. Local ordinaries are to take care that the prayers and pious and sacred exercises of the Christian people are fully in keeping with the norms of the Church.
Bishops Committee on Liturgy, Catholic Household Blessings and Prayers, (USCC, 1989) 434 pp.
Background reading: Pius XII (reg. 1939-1958), enc. Mediator Dei et hominum (20 nov 1947), AAS 39 (1947) 521-595, Eng. on-line here. James Bradley, "The governance of being: the role of law in the liturgical life of the Church" Adoremus (July 2024) on-line here.
Sacraments as liturgical acts.
CCC 1113. The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharist and the sacraments.
CCC 1117.... The Church has discerned over the centuries that among liturgical celebrations there are seven that are, in the strict sense of the term, sacraments instituted by the Lord.
CCC 1135. The catechesis of the liturgy entails first of all an understanding of the sacramental economy.
1917 CIC 731. § 1. As all the Sacraments of the New Law, instituted by Christ Our Lord, are the principal means of sanctification and salvation, the greatest diligence and reverence is to be observed in opportunely and correctly administering them and receiving them. § 2. It is forbidden that the Sacraments of the Church be ministered to heretics and schismatics, even if they ask for them and are in good faith, unless before-hand, rejecting their errors, they are reconciled with the Church. Latine.
1917 CIC 1255. § 1. To the most Holy Trinity and to each of its Persons, [and] to Christ the Lord, even under sacramental species, there is owed the worship of latria; to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the cult of hyperdulia [is owed]; and to the others reigning with Christ in heaven, the cult of dulia [is owed]. Latine.
1917 CIC 1256. [Worship], if it is carried on in the name of the Church by persons legitimately deputed for this and through acts instituted by the Church and given only to God, the Saints, and the Blesseds, is called public; anything less is private. Latine.
1983 CIC 834. § 1. The Church fulfills its sanctifying function in a particular way through the sacred liturgy, which is an exercise of the priestly function of Jesus Christ. In the sacred liturgy the sanctification of humanity is signified through sensible signs and effected in a manner proper to each sign. In the sacred liturgy, the whole public worship of God is carried out by the Head and members of the mystical Body of Jesus Christ. § 2. Such worship takes place when it is carried out in the name of the Church by persons legitimately designated and through acts approved by the authority of the Church. CCEO 668 § 1.
Sacraments as juridic acts.
1983 CIC 124. § 1. For the validity of a juridic act it is required that the act is placed by a qualified person and includes those things which essentially constitute the act itself as well as the formalities and requirements imposed by law for the validity of the act. § 2. A juridic act placed correctly with respect to its external elements is presumed valid. CCEO 931.
Canonical aspects of a sacramental act.
Matter, Form, Minister, Recipient, Intention
Rite, Consequences, and Other Variables
Hierarchic authority over sacraments.
Matthew 16: 18-19. And so I say to you, you are Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church, and the gates of the netherworld shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys to the kingdom of heaven. Whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven; and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven. (See also Mt. 18:18.) See Canon 331, but see Canon 336.
Council of Trent, Sess. VII (3 mar 1547), On Sacraments in general. CANON 1. If anyone says, that the sacraments of the New Law were not all instituted by Jesus Christ, our Lord; or, that they are more, or less, than seven, to wit, Baptism, Confirmation, the Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Order, and Matrimony; or even that anyone of these seven is not truly and properly a sacrament; let him be anathema (Schroeder 51-53).
1983 CIC 835. § 1. The bishops in the first place exercise the sanctifying function; they are the high priests, the principal dispensers of the mysteries of God, and the directors, promoters, and guardians of the entire liturgical life in the church entrusted to them. § 2. Presbyters also exercise this function; sharing in the priesthood of Christ and as his ministers under the authority of the bishop, they are consecrated to celebrate divine worship and to sanctify the people. § 3. Deacons have a part in the celebration of divine worship according to the norm of the prescripts of the law. § 4. The other members of the Christian faithful also have their own part in the function of sanctifying by participating actively in their own way in liturgical celebrations, especially the Eucharist. Parents share in a particular way in this function by leading a conjugal life in a Christian spirit and by seeing to the Christian education of their children.
Magnum 838 olim 1983 CIC 838. § 1. The ordering and guidance of the sacred liturgy depends solely upon the authority of the Church, namely, that of the Apostolic See and, as provided by law, that of the diocesan Bishop. § 2. It is for the Apostolic See to order the sacred liturgy of the universal Church, publish liturgical books, recognize adaptations approved by the Episcopal Conference according to the norm of law, and exercise vigilance that liturgical regulations are observed faithfully everywhere. § 3. It pertains to the Episcopal Conferences to faithfully prepare versions of the liturgical books in vernacular languages, suitably accommodated within defined limits, and to approve and publish the liturgical books for the regions for which they are responsible after the confirmation of the Apostolic See. § 4. Within the limits of his competence, it belongs to the diocesan Bishop to lay down in the Church entrusted to his care, liturgical regulations which are binding on all [emphasis added]. CCEO 657, 688.
Background reading: Peters' Canon Law Blog (2017), here, noting that Francis misspeaks when he purports to assert "with magisterial authority that the "liturgical movement" is "irreversible".
1983 CIC 840. The sacraments of the New Testament were instituted by Christ the Lord and entrusted to the Church. As actions of Christ and the Church, they are signs and means which express and strengthen the faith, render worship to God, and effect the sanctification of humanity and thus contribute in the greatest way to establish, strengthen, and manifest ecclesiastical communion. Accordingly, in the celebration of the sacraments the sacred ministers and the other members of the Christian faithful must use the greatest veneration and necessary diligence. CCEO 667.
1917 CIC 731. § 1. As all the Sacraments of the New Law, instituted by Christ Our Lord, are the principal means of sanctification and salvation, the greatest diligence and reverence is to be observed in opportunely and correctly administering them and receiving them. § 2. It is forbidden that the Sacraments of the Church be ministered to heretics and schismatics, even if they ask for them and are in good faith, unless before-hand, rejecting their errors, they are reconciled with the Church. Latine.
1983 CIC 841. Since the sacraments are the same for the whole Church and belong to the divine deposit, it is only for the supreme authority of the Church to approve or define the requirements for their validity; it is for the same or another competent authority according to the norm of Canon 838 §§ 3 and 4 to decide what pertains to their licit celebration, administration, and reception and to the order to be observed in their celebration. CCEO 669.
General rights to sacraments.
1983 CIC 18. Laws which establish a penalty, restrict the free exercise of rights, or contain an exception from the law are subject to strict interpretation. CCEO 1500.
1983 CIC 213. The Christian faithful have the right to receive assistance from the sacred pastors out of the spiritual goods of the Church, especially the word of God and the sacraments. CCEO 16.
1983 CIC 842. § 1. A person who has not received baptism cannot be admitted validly to the other sacraments. § 2. The sacraments of baptism, confirmation, and the Most Holy Eucharist are interrelated in such a way that they are required for full Christian initiation. CCEO 675 § 2.
1983 CIC 843. § 1. Sacred ministers cannot deny the sacraments to those who seek them at appropriate times, are properly disposed, and are not prohibited by law from receiving them. CCEO 381 § 2.
Conditional conferral of sacraments.
1983 CIC 845. § 1. Since the sacraments of baptism, confirmation, and orders imprint a character, they cannot be repeated. § 2. If after completing a diligent inquiry a prudent doubt still exists whether the sacraments mentioned in § 1 were actually or validly conferred, they are to be conferred conditionally. CCEO 672 § 2.
|
|
| Matthew XXVIII: 19. Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit.
General background readings:
CCC 1213-1284, on-line here.
Cong. for Divine Worship (Gut), decr. Ordinem baptismi (15 mai 1969), AAS 61 (1969) 548, Eng. trans. CLD VII: 594-595, promulgation of post-conciliar Rite of Baptism (for children).
Specific provisions on Baptism.
1983 CIC 849. Baptism, the gateway to the sacraments and necessary for salvation by actual reception or at least by desire, is validly conferred only by a washing of true water with the proper form of words. Through baptism men and women are freed from sin, are reborn as children of God, and, configured to Christ by an indelible character, are incorporated into the Church. CCEO 675.
1983 CIC 850. Celebration of baptism. CCEO 676.
Background reading: Peters' Canon Law Blog, 'The rules on baptism are meant to be followed' (2008), here, noting that CDF ruled that baptism attempted "In the name of the Creator" etc., is indeed invalid.
1983 CIC 851. Preparation for baptism. CCEO 686 § 2.
1983 CIC 852. Broad understanding of 'adult' re baptism. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 853. Remote matter. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 854. Proximate matter. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 855. Baptismal names. CCEO ≠
1917 CIC 761. Pastors should take care that a christian name is given to those whom they baptize; but if they are not able to bring this about, they will add to the name given by the parents the name of some Saint and record both names in the book of baptisms. Latine.
1983 CIC 856. Preference for Sundays or Easter Vigil. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 857. Preference for church or oratory. CCEO 687 § 1.
1983 CIC 858. Baptismal fonts. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 859. More on place of baptism. CCEO ≠
► Canon 859 is superfluous in light of Canon 857.
1983 CIC 860. Prohibition against homes and hospitals as places of baptism. Note: CCEO 687 § 2 is more open to baptism in homes.
► Canon 860 is superfluous in light of Canon 857.
1983 CIC 861. Ministers of baptism. Note: CCEO 677 excludes deacons as ordinary ministers.
Background reading: Peters' Canon Law Blog, 'The minister of baptism' (2012), here, analysis of a bizarre baptism that illustrated several points of law on baptism.
1983 CIC 862. Territorial restrictions on baptism. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 863. Deference to bishop for certain baptisms. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 864. Only non-baptized can be baptized. CCEO 679.
1983 CIC 865. Requisites for adult baptism. CCEO 682 § 1.
1983 CIC 866. Adult baptism to be followed by Confirmation and holy Communion. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 867. Timing of infant baptism. Note: CCEO 686 § 1 calls for baptism "as soon as possible".
1917 CIC 770. Infants should be baptized as soon as possible (quamprimum); pastors and preachers should frequently stress with the faithful the gravity of their obligation. Latine.
De Concordia 868 olim 1983 CIC 868. Authorization for baptism. CCEO 681 § 1, 4.
Pascite 1367 olim 1983 CIC 1366, on-line here, penalizes the baptism of 'Catholic' children into something other than the Catholic Church.
Background reading: Peters' Canon Law Blog, 'The Catholic effect of Catholic baptism' (2016), here, offering thoughts on the curious phrasing of De Concordia 868 § 3.
1983 CIC 869. Conditional conferral of baptism. CCEO ≠
► Canon 869 § 1 is superfluous in light of Canon 845 § 2.
1983 CIC 870. Abandoned children. CCEO 681 § 2.
1983 CIC 871. Aborted babies. CCEO 680.
1983 CIC 872. Sponsors (sic: godparents). CCEO 684.
RCIA (1972/1986) 10. A sponsor accompanies any candidate seeking admission as a catechumen. Sponsors are persons who have known and assisted the candidates and stand as witnesses to the candidates moral character, faith, and intention. It may happen that it is not the sponsor for the rite of acceptance and the period of the catechumenate but another person who serves as godparent for the periods of purification and enlightenment and of mystagogy (emphasis added).
1983 CIC 873. Number and sex of godparents. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 874. Eligibility for service as godparent. CCEO 684, 685 § 3.
Ecumenical Directory (1993) 98b, here, permits an Orthodox Christian to serve as godparent to a Catholic being baptized provided a Catholic godparent is also designated.
Background reading: E. Peters, "Responsibilities of Christian witness at baptism", CLSA Advisory Opinions (2008) 94-95, pdf here, the so-called 'Christian witness' to baptism is an ersatz office.
1983 CIC 875. Witness to baptism. CCEO 688.
1983 CIC 876. Proof of baptism. CCEO 691.
1983 CIC 877. Baptismal recordation. CCEO 689.
USCCB, Norm on recordation of names in adoption cases, on-line here.
1983 CIC 878. Duty of minister to report baptism to pastor of place. CCEO 690.
|
|
| Acts VIII: 14-17. Now when the apostles at Jerusalem heard that Samaria had received the word of God they sent to them Peter and John who came down and prayed for them that they might receive the Holy Spirit; for it had not yet fallen on any of them, but they had only been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. Then they laid their hands on them and they received the Holy Spirit.
General required readings:
1983 CIC 879-896, on-line here.
Lumen gentium 11. [T]he faithful ... are more perfectly bound to the Church by the sacrament of Confirmation and the Holy Spirit endows them with special strength so that they are more strictly obliged to spread and defend the faith, both by word and by deed, as true witnesses of Christ.
General background readings:
CCC 1285-1321, on-line here.
Paul VI (reg. 1963-1978), ap. con. Divinae consortium naturae (15 aug 1971), AAS 63 (1971) 657-664, Eng. trans. CLD VII: 604-610, on-line here, Promulgation of post-conciliar Rite of Confirmation.
Note: CCEO 694 and 695 reflect Eastern tradition that chrismation (confirmation) immediately follows baptism under ordinary circumstances. This practice accounts for the very low correlation between Roman and Eastern canon law in this area.
Specific provisions on Confirmation.
1983 CIC 879. The sacrament of confirmation strengthens the baptized and obliges them more firmly to be witnesses of Christ by word and deed and to spread and defend the faith. It imprints a character, enriches by the gift of the Holy Spirit the baptized continuing on the path of Christian initiation, and binds them more perfectly to the Church. CCEO 692.
1983 CIC 880. Matter and form of Confirmation. CCEO 693.
USCCB, Memo recognizing use of an instrument by the minister of Confirmation, on-line here, pp. 23-24.
Required reading: E. Peters, "Form of Confirmation", CLSA Advisory Opinions (2010) 131-133, pdf here, substitution of the phrase "gifts of the Holy Spirit" for "Gift of the Holy Spirit" impacts validity of sacrament. E. Peters, "Invalid confirmation due to contrary intention of the recipient", CLSA Advisory Opinions (2007) 68-70, positive intention against reception of sacrament impacts validity, here.
1983 CIC 881. Preference for celebration of confirmation in a church during Mass. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 882. Ordinary minister. Note: CCEO 694 recognizes presbyters as ordinary ministers for member of any ecclesia sui iuris including, per CCEO 696 § 1, the Roman.
1917 CIC 782. § 1. The ordinary minister of confirmation is only a Bishop. § 2. The extraordinary minister is a priest to whom the faculty has been granted, either by common law or special indult of the Apostolic See. ... Latine.
1983 CIC 883. Faculties by law. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 884. Delegation of presbyters by bishop & restricted sub-delegation. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 885. Presbyters with faculties obliged to confer confirmation. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 886. Bishops' territorial authority to confer confirmation. CCEO 696 § 3.
1983 CIC 887. Presbyters' territorial authority to confer confirmation. CCEO 696 § 3.
1983 CIC 888. Exempt places. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 889. Eligibility for confirmation. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 890. Recipients obligation seek confirmation. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 891. Age for Confirmation. CCEO ≠
USCCB, Norm on age of Confirmation, on-line here.
Background reading: Peters' Canon Law Blog, 'Another welcome return to the earlier age for Confirmation' (2019), here.
1983 CIC 892. Sponsors. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 893. Confirmation sponsor (sic: godparent). CCEO ≠
1917 CIC 796. In order to be licitly admitted to the role of sponsor it is required: 1° That he be different from the sponsor at baptism unless for reasonable cause in the judgment of the minister it argues otherwise, or if confirmation is legitimately confirmed immediately after baptism; ... Latine.
1983 CIC 894. Proof of conferral per Canon 876. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 894. Recordation of confirmation. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 895. Content of recordation. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 896. Duty of minister to report confirmation to pastor of place. CCEO ≠
|
|
| I Cor XI: 23-25. For I received from the Lord what I also delivered to you, that the Lord Jesus on the night when he was betrayed took bread, and when he had given thanks, he broke it and said, This is my body that is for you. Do this in remembrance of me. In the same way also the cup, after supper, saying, This cup is the new covenant in my blood. Do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of me. & John VI. Bread of Life discourse.
General required readings:
1983 CIC 897-958, on-line here.
Lumen gentium 11. Taking part in the Eucharistic sacrifice, which is the source and summit of the whole Christian life, [Christians] offer the Divine Victim to God, and offer themselves along with It. Thus both by reason of the offering and through Holy Communion all take part in this liturgical service, not indeed, all in the same way but each in that way which is proper to himself. Strengthened in Holy Communion by the Body of Christ, they then manifest in a concrete way that unity of the people of God which is suitably signified and wondrously brought about by this most august sacrament.
Sacrosanctum Concilium 10. From the liturgy, therefore, and especially from the Eucharist, as from a font, grace is poured forth upon us; and the sanctification of men in Christ and the glorification of God, to which all other activities of the Church are directed as toward their end, is achieved in the most efficacious possible way.
General background readings and materials:
CCC 1322-1419, on-line here.
Benedict XVI (reg. 2005-2013), ap. exh. Sacramentum caritatis (22 feb 2007) AAS 99 (2007) 105-180, Eng. on-line here.
Cong. for Divine Worship and Discipline of the Sacraments (Arinze), instr. Redemptionis sacramentum (25 mar 2004), AAS 96 (2004) 549-601, Eng. on-line here.
John Paul II (reg. 1978-2005), enc. Ecclesia de Eucharistia (17 apr 2003), AAS 95 (2003) 433-475, Eng. on-line here.
"Babette's Feast" (Axel, 1987), info here. If a Catholic can't find at least ten metaphors for the Eucharist in this film, he didn't watch it.
Specific provisions on the Eucharist.
1983 CIC 897. The most August sacrament is the Most Holy Eucharist in which Christ the Lord himself is contained, offered, and received and by which the Church continually lives and grows. The eucharistic sacrifice, the memorial of the death and resurrection of the Lord, in which the sacrifice of the cross is perpetuated through the ages is the summit and source of all worship and Christian life, which signifies and effects the unity of the People of God and brings about the building up of the body of Christ. Indeed, the other sacraments and all the ecclesiastical works of the apostolate are closely connected with the Most Holy Eucharist and ordered to it. CCEO 698.
1983 CIC 898. Teaching on Eucharist. CCEO 699 § 3.
Pascite 1382 olim 1983 CIC 1367, on-line here, crimes against the Eucharist.
Background reading: Elliott, Question Box 140-144 (confession of Eucharistic sacrilege).
1983 CIC 899. The Mass. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 900. Only priests and bishops validly confect Eucharist. CCEO 699 § 1.
1983 CIC 901. Mass may be applied for anyone. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 902. Individual and conjoined celebration of Mass. CCEO 700.
1917 CIC 803. It is not licit that several priests concelebrate, beyond the Mass of ordination of priests and in the Mass of consecration of Bishops according to the Roman Pontifical.
Background reading: Cong. Doctrine of Faith, Resp. De valida concelebratione (8 mar 1957), AAS 49 (1957) 370, requires concelebrants to pronounce institution narrative (Eucharistic form) audibly. Huels, Questions 39-45 (pros and cons of concelebration).
1983 CIC 903. Celebret. CCEO 703.
1983 CIC 904. Encouragement toward frequent celebration. CCEO 378.
1983 CIC 905. Bination and trination. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 906. Mass in the presence of the faithful preferable. CCEO ≠
Background reading: Elliot, Question Box 144-146 (celebrating Mass alone).
1983 CIC 907. Demarcation of proper prayers and actions during Mass. CCEO ≠
Background reading: E. Peters, wbp Another Look at the Orans Issue, here, suggesting that confusion concerning gestures during Lord's Prayer at Mass are in part the result of anomalous rubrics.
1983 CIC 908. No concelebration with non-Catholics. CCEO 702.
1983 CIC 909. Priestly preparation for celebration. CCEO 707 § 1.
1983 CIC 910. Ministers of holy Communion. CCEO 709.
1983 CIC 911. Ministers of Viaticum. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 912. Fundamental right to holy Communion. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 913. Requisite knowledge in children for reception. Note: CCEO 710 directs ministers to observe their own traditions regarding infant holy Communion but CCEO 697 indicates that Communion is normally administered immediately upon baptism and chrismation.
1983 CIC 914. Preparation for first holy Communion. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 915. Withholding Holy Communion. CCEO 712.
Background reading: E. Peters, wbp Resources for Understanding and Applying Canon 915, here.
1983 CIC 916. Disposition for approaching holy Communion. CCEO 711.
1983 CIC 917. Eligibility for repeated reception of holy Communion. CCEO ≠
Background reading: Edward Peters, "Reception of Holy Communion by one unable to swallow", CLSA Advisory Opinions (2007) 54-57, pdf here, discussing what constitutes reception of holy Communion.
1983 CIC 918. Reception during and outside of Eucharistic celebration. CCEO 713 § 1.
1983 CIC 919. Communion fast. Note: CCEO 713 § 2 does not specify a one-hour fast.
Background reading: Edward Peters, "The Communion fast: a reconsideration", Antiphon 11 (2007) 234-244, pdf here. Edward Peters, "Furthering my proposal to extend the fast for holy Communion", Homiletic & Pastoral Review on-line (July 2013), here. E. Peters, wbp Extending the Communion Fast, here.
1983 CIC 921. Eligibility for Viaticum. CCEO 708.
1983 CIC 922. Delay in Viaticum administration to be avoided. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 923. Faithful may approach any ecclesia sui iuris for holy Communion. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 924. Matter for Eucharist. CCEO 706.
Background readings: CDWDS (Sarah), doc. "La Congregazione" (15 jun 2017), AAS 109 (2017) 857-859, Eng. on-line here, Special norms for matter of Eucharist. USCCB (Comm. on Divine Worship), "Celiac disease, alcohol intolerance, and the Church's pastoral response" (2012, 2016), on-line here, Outlining pastoral implications of celiac disease and alcohol intolerance and suggesting sources for obtains sacramentally suitable matter for Eucharist. Elliott, Question Box 150-152 (matter for Eucharist).
1983 CIC 925. Species of holy Communion. CCEO ≠
CCC 1390. Since Christ is sacramentally present under each of the species, communion under the species of bread alone makes it possible to receive all the fruit of Eucharistic grace. For pastoral reasons this manner of receiving communion has been legitimately established as the most common form in the Latin rite. But "the sign of communion is more complete when given under both kinds, since in that form the sign of the Eucharistic meal appears more clearly." [GIRM 240] This is the usual form of receiving communion in the Eastern rites.
1983 CIC 926. Unleavened bread. Note: CCEO 707 § 1 does not require unleavened bread.
1983 CIC 927. Prohibition of separated confection and confection outside of Mass. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 928. Language of celebration is Latin unless otherwise approved. CCEO ≠
Latin is a language, not a rite. The Tridentine Rite may only be celebrated in Latin. Instr. De Musica sacra (1958), passim.
Background reading: Edward Peters, "The ordination of men bereft of speech and the celebration of sacraments in sign language", Studia Canonica 42 (2008) 331-345, pdf here, demonstrating that celebration of sacraments in sign language satisfies the requirement that form be expressed ('pronounced audibly').
1983 CIC 929. Sacred vestments required. CCEO 707 § 1.
1983 CIC 930. Accommodations for infirm priests. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 931. Time of Mass and distribution of Eucharist. CCEO 707 § 1.
1917 CIC 821. § 1. The beginning of the celebration of Mass shall not occur earlier than one hour before first light or later than one hour after noon. ...
1983 CIC 932. Celebration in sacred, or at least fitting, places. CCEO 707 § 1.
Background reading: Elliot, Question Box 146-147 (celebration of Mass in a home).
1983 CIC 933. Celebration in non-Catholic places of worship. CCEO 705 § 2.
Provisions on reservation and veneration of Most Holy Eucharist.
1983 CIC 934. Mandatory and optional places for reservation. CCEO 714 § 1.
1983 CIC 935. Restrictions on carrying the Eucharist. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 936. Reservation of the Eucharist in religious houses. CCEO 714 § 1.
1983 CIC 937. Accessibility to the Eucharist by faithful. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 938. Tabernacle. CCEO ≠
Background reading: Elliott, Question Box 33-35 (tabernacle security).
1983 CIC 939. Quantities of Hosts to be reserved. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 940. Eucharistic lamp. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 941. Exposition. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 942. More solemn exposition. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 943. Minister of Exposition. CCEO ≠
Background reading: Elliott, Question Box 65-66 (double genuflection before exposed Blessed Sacrament is not required but should not be discouraged). Elliot, Question Box 167-168 (ministers of exposition).
1983 CIC 944. Eucharistic processions. CCEO ≠
1917 CIC 1295. Ordinaries will take care that from sacred processions there be removed any bad practices, if there are any, and that they proceed in an orderly manner and with modesty and reverence observed by all, as greatly befits pious and religious acts of this sort.
Provisions on Mass stipends.
≡ Acceptance Satisfaction Disposal
Background reading: Pius VI (1794), con. Auctorem fidei (1794), in Denzinger 2630 (special fruits of Mass can be applied by a priest to an intention) and 2654 (stipends are not simoniacal if done as Apostle [Gal VI: 6] accepted gifts). Paul VI (reg. 1963-1978), ap. lit. Firma in traditione (13 iun 1974), AAS 66 (1973) 308-311, Eng. trans. CLD VIII: 530-533, Beginning of post-conciliar reforms regarding Mass stipends.
Note: The paucity of provisions on stipends in Eastern law makes the more detailed regulations of Roman law useful for practical guidance of Eastern clergy.
1984 CIC 945. Mass offerings. CCEO 715-717.
Cong. for the Clergy (Innocenti), decr. Mos iugiter (22 feb 1991), AAS 83 (1991) 443-446, Eng. on-line here, Current regulations on 'combined stipends'.
Background reading: Huels, Questions 47-55 (stipends).
1983 CIC 946. Recognition of the good of stipends. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 947. Prohibition against trafficking or appearing to traffic in stipends. CCEO ≠
Pascite 1383 olim 1983 CIC 1383, on-line here, trafficking in stipends.
1983 CIC 948. Separate Masses required for separate stipends. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 949. Loss of stipends does not obviate obligation. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 950. Calculation of number of Mass for other stipends. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 951. Conditions for satisfaction of multiple stipends and retention of proceeds. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 952. Authority of provincial bishops to fix stipend amounts. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 953. Mass stipends not to exceed those feasible in a year. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 954. Location of Masses with stipends to be offered. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 955. Entrustment of stipend satisfaction to others. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 956. Treatment of stipends not satisfied within one year of acceptance. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 957. Local ordinary authority to supervise stipends. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 958. Recordation of stipends. CCEO ≠
|
|
| John XX: 23. If you forgive the sins of any they are forgiven; if you retain the sins of any they are retained.
General required readings:
1983 CIC 959-991, on-line here.
Lumen gentium 11. Those who approach the sacrament of Penance obtain pardon from the mercy of God for the offence committed against Him and are at the same time reconciled with the Church, which they have wounded by their sins, and which by charity, example, and prayer seeks their conversion.
General background readings:
CCC 1422-1498, on-line here.
John Paul II (reg. 1978-2005), ap. exh. Reconciliatio et paenitentia (2 dec 1984), AAS 77 (1985) 185-275, Eng. on-line here.
Robert Fastiggi (American layman, 1953-), The Sacrament of reconciliation: an Anthropological and Scriptural Understanding (Hillenbrand, 2017) 155 pp.
Cong. for Divine Cult (Villot), decr. Reconciliationem (2 dec 1973), AAS 66 (1974) 172-173, Eng. trans. CLD VIII: 550-552, Promulgation of post-conciliar Rites of Penance.
Specific provisions on Penance.
1983 CIC 959. In the sacrament of penance the faithful who confess their sins to a legitimate minister, are sorry for them, and intend to reform themselves obtain from God through the absolution imparted by the same minister forgiveness for the sins they have committed after baptism and, at the same, time are reconciled with the Church which they have wounded by sinning. CCEO 718.
1983 CIC 960. Individual and integral confession is normative means of celebration. CCEO 720 § 1.
Background reading: Peters' Canon Law Blog, 'Couples should not attempt joint sacramental confession' (2007), here, as titled.
1983 CIC 961. General absolution. CCEO 720 § 2, 3.
Background readings: USCCB, Compl. Norm on understanding of 'diu' as being one month (15 dec 1989), on-line here. CCCB, Decr. "On certain aspects of the celebration of the sacrament of Penance" (19 oct 2007), on-line here, setting out, as authorizing general absolution, two month anticipated deprivation of sacraments despite two hours of effort with normal transportation.
1983 CIC 962. Receiving general absolution. CCEO 721.
1983 CIC 963. Confession after general absolution. CCEO ≠
CCC 1483, here.
1983 CIC 964. Proper place for Confession. CCEO 736 § 1.
[PCLT] (Herranz), resp. ad dub. re Can. 964 § 2 (07 jul 1998), AAS 90 (1998) 711, Latin on-line here, Confessors can generally require penitents to use grated confessionals.
USCCB, Compl. Norm on confessionals (20 oct 2000), on-line here, facilities for both face-to-face and anonymous confession must be established in churches and oratories.
1983 CIC 965. Priests and bishops are sole ministers of Penance. CCEO 722 § 1.
1983 CIC 966. Necessity of faculties for confession. CCEO 722 § 3.
Background reading: Peters' Canon Law Blog, 'Alison's claim binds no one' (2019), here, a priest's mere claims to have faculties for confession, even if he claims that such faculties came from a pope, have no force.
1983 CIC 967. Hierarchic faculties and scope of faculties. CCEO 722.
1983 CIC 968. Priestly faculties by law. CCEO 723.
1983 CIC 969. Priestly faculties by grant. CCEO 724.
1983 CIC 970. Eligibility for faculties by grant. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 971. Faculties for externs. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 972. Duration of faculties by grant. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 973. Requirement of writing. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 974. Revocation of faculties for cause. CCEO 726 § 1, 2.
1983 CIC 975. Revocation of faculties by departure. CCEO 726 § 3.
1983 CIC 976. Faculties in danger of death. CCEO 725.
1983 CIC 977. Absolution of an accomplice. CCEO 730.
1983 CIC 978. Justice and mercy in confessor. CCEO 732 § 2.
1983 CIC 979. Posing of questions. CCEO ≠
Background reading: F. Scott Fitzgerald, "Absolution", short story, 1924, 39 min. audiobook here.
Pascite 1385 olim 1983 CIC 1387, on-line here. Solicitation in Confession. CCEO 1458.
Background reading: Edward Peters, "When bad advice in confession becomes a crime", Homiletic & Pastoral Review 101/9 (Jun-Jul 2011) 18-23, text/pdf here, examining a particular species of solicitation in Confession.
1983 CIC 980. Basis for absolution. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 981. Penances. CCEO 732 § 1.
1983 CIC 982. False denunciation. CCEO 731.
1983 CIC 983. Seal of Confession. CCEO 733.
Pascite 1386 olim 1983 CIC 1386, on-line here, penalizing various forms of violations here.
1983 CIC 984. Use of knowledge gained in confession. CCEO 734 § 1, 2.
1983 CIC 985. Restrictions on hearing confession under certain circumstances. CCEO 734 § 3.
1983 CIC 986. Pastoral duty to offer confession. CCEO 735.
1983 CIC 987. Disposition for confession. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 988. Confession of grace sin by number and kind; confessions of devotion. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 989. Obligation to confess grave sin at least annually. Note: CCEO 719 does not require that grave sin be confessed at least annually but rather 'as soon as possible'.
CCC 2042, in discussing the so-called 'Precepts of the Church', slightly misstates the obligation of Roman Catholics to confess sins at least once per year by implying that the obligation binds even for light or venial sins; it does not.
1983 CIC 990. Use of interpreter. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 991. Free choice of confessors. CCEO ≠
Provisions on Indulgences.
Note: Indulgences are not treated in Eastern law but the eligibility of Eastern Catholics to gain indulgences under the same conditions as Romans is unquestioned.
Background readings: Paul VI (reg. 1962-1978), ap. con. Indulgentiarum doctrina (01 jan 1967), AAS 59 (1967) 5-24, Eng. trans. on-line here, Major pontifical reforms of indulgences, chiefly by abrogating earlier calculation of indulgences by periods of time and establishing merit as the criterion by which the Church adds the value of an indulgence. Edward Peters (American layman, 1957-), A Modern Guide to Indulgences, (Liturgy Training Publications, 2008) 115 pp., info here.
1983 CIC 992. An indulgence is the remission before God of temporal punishment for sins whose guilt is already forgiven, which a properly disposed member of the Christian faithful gains under certain and defined conditions by the assistance of the Church which as minister of redemption dispenses and applies authoritatively the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and the saints. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 993. Plenary and partial indulgences. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 994. Acquisition and application of indulgences. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 995. Power to grant indulgences. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 996. Eligibility for indulgences. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 997. Special laws on indulgences. CCEO ≠
|
|
| James V: 14-15. Is any among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord: And the prayer of faith will save the one who is sick, and the Lord will raise him up. And if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven.
General required readings:
1983 CIC 998-1007, on-line here.
Lumen gentium 11. By the sacred anointing of the sick and the prayer of her priests the whole Church commends the sick to the suffering and glorified Lord, asking that He may lighten their suffering and save them; she exhorts them, moreover, to contribute to the welfare of the whole people of God by associating themselves freely with the passion and death of Christ.
Sacrosanctum Concilium 73. Extreme unction", which may also and more fittingly be called "anointing of the sick," is not a sacrament for those only who are at the point of death. Hence, as soon as any one of the faithful begins to be in danger of death from sickness or old age, the fitting time for him to receive this sacrament has certainly already arrived.
General background readings:
CCC 1499-1532, on-line here.
Paul VI (reg. 1963-1978), ap. con. Sacram unctionem infirmorum (30 nov. 1972), AAS 65 (1973) 5-9, Eng. trans. CLD VII: 682-686, or on-line here, Promulgation of post-conciliar Rite of Anointing.
Specific provisions on Anointing.
1983 CIC 998. The anointing of the sick, by which the Church commends the faithful who are dangerously ill to the suffering and glorified Lord in order that he relieve and save them, is conferred by anointing them with oil and pronouncing the words prescribed in the liturgical books. CCEO 737 § 1.
1983 CIC 999. Blessing oil of the sick. CCEO 741.
1983 CIC 1000. Ritual of anointing. CCEO 742.
1983 CIC 1001. Pastoral duty to provide anointing. CCEO 738.
1983 CIC 1002. Communal celebration of anointing. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 1003. § 1. Every priest and a priest alone validly administers the anointing of the sick. CCEO 739.
Background reading: Cong. for the Clergy, et al., instr. Ecclesiae de mysterio (15 aug 1997) appr. in forma specifica, AAS 89 (1997) 852-877. Eng. on-line here, Article 9 § 2 regards the restriction of ministration of Anointing to priests as "theologically certain doctrine".
1983 CIC 1004. Eligibility for Anointing. Note: CCEO 738 and 740 do not require the recipient of anointing to have reached the age of reason.
Background reading: Huels, Questions 91-98 (celebration of Anointing).
1983 CIC 1005. Sacrament to be conferred in cases of doubt. CCEO ≠
Background material: "Bridehead Revisted" (BBC, 1981), episode 11/6, here, & episode 11/7, here (until about 6:30 or so). Spoiler alert, of course. Useful to know that the dying Lord Marchmain had abandoned the Faith many decades before and, only a few weeks earlier, had thrown Fr. MacKay out of his room when he tried to visit.
1983 CIC 1006. Implicit desire for anointing required. Note: CCEO 740 effectively supplies desire for sacrament to those unable to ask for it.
1983 CIC 1007. Conferral on those obstinately persevering in manifest grave sin prohibited. CCEO ≠
|
|
| Hebrews V: 1-4. For every high priest chosen from among men is appointed to act on behalf of men in relation to God, to offer gifts and sacrifices for sins. He can deal gently with the ignorant and wayward since he himself is beset with weakness. Because of this he is bound to offer sacrifice for his own sins as well as those of the people. And one does not take this honor upon himself but is called by God just as Aaron was.
General background readings:
CCC 1536-1600, on-line here.
Paul VI (reg. 1963-1978), ap. con. Pontificalis Romani recogitio (18 iun 1968), AAS 60 (1968) 369-373, Eng. trans. CLD VII: 700-704, Promulgation of the post-conciliar Rite of Ordination.
Pius XII (reg. 1939-1958), ap. con. Sacramentum ordinis (30 nov 1947), AAS 40 (1948) 5-7, Eng. trans. CLD III: 396-399, or on-line here, Establishing laying on of hands and prayers of consecration as matter and form of ordination and specifically determining that the 'traditio instrumentorum' is not required.
Specific provisions on Orders.
Omnium 1008 olim 1983 CIC 1008. By divine institution, some of the Christian faithful are marked with an indelible character and constituted as sacred ministers by the sacrament of holy orders. They are thus consecrated and deputed so that, each according to his own grade, they may serve the People of God by a new and specific title. CCEO 323, 743.
Omnium 1009 olim 1983 CIC 1009. § 1. The orders are the episcopate, the presbyterate, and the diaconate. § 2. They are conferred by the imposition of hands and the consecratory prayer which the liturgical books prescribe for the individual grades. § 3. Those who are constituted in the order of the episcopate or the presbyterate receive the mission and capacity to act in the person of Christ the Head, whereas deacons are empowered to serve the People of God in the ministries of the liturgy, the word and charity. CCEO 325.
Background readings: Edward Peters, "Simplex priests. Ministry with a past, ministry with a future?", Fellowship of Catholic Scholars Quarterly 41 (2018) 109-114, pdf here. Edward Peters, "Diaconal categories and clerical celibacy", Chicago Studies 49 (2010) 110-116, pdf here.
1983 CIC 1010. Sundays preferred for ordination. CCEO 773.
1983 CIC 1011. Cathedral, with faithful invited, preferred as place for ordination. CCEO 773.
1983 CIC 1012. Bishop is minister of ordination. CCEO 744.
1983 CIC 1013. Consecration of bishop requires pontifical mandate. CCEO 745.
1983 CIC 1014. Co-consecrators required for episcopal ordination. CCEO 746 § 1.
1983 CIC 1015. Ordination to be conferred by proper bishop or with dimissorials. CCEO 747, 748 § 2.
1983 CIC 1016. Proper bishop is place of ordinand's intended service. CCEO 748 § 1.
1983 CIC 1017. Ordination outside of one's territory requires permission. CCEO 749.
1983 CIC 1018. Authority to issue secular dimissorials. CCEO 750.
1983 CIC 1019. Authority to issue religious dimissorials. CCEO 472, 537 § 1.
1983 CIC 1020. Prerequisites to issuing dimissorials. CCEO 751.
1983 CIC 1021. Dimissorials can be issued to bishops of one's 'rite'. CCEO 472, 537, 560, 752.
1983 CIC 1022. Verification of dimissorials. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 1023. Revocation of dimissorials. CCEO 753.
1983 CIC 1024. A baptized male alone receives sacred ordination validly. CCEO 754.
John Paul II (reg. 1978-2005), ap. lit. Ordinatio sacerdotalis (22 mai 1994), AAS 86 (1994) 545-548, Eng. trans. CLD XIII: 533-536, or on-line here, Note especially: "4. ... Wherefore, in order that all doubt may be removed regarding a matter of great importance, a matter which pertains to the Church's divine constitution itself, in virtue of my ministry of confirming the brethren (cf. Lk 22:32) I declare that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church's faithful."
1983 CIC 1025. Requirements for licit ordination. CCEO 758 § 2.
1983 CIC 1026. Requirement of due freedom in ordinand. CCEO 756.
1983 CIC 1027. Requirement of pre-ordination formation. CCEO 758 § 1 n. 4.
1983 CIC 1028. Content of pre-ordination formation. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 1029. Required qualities of ordinands. CCEO 758 § 1 n. 3.
1983 CIC 1030. Prevention of deacons from proceeding to presbyterate. CCEO 755.
1983 CIC 1031. Minimum ages for ordination. CCEO 758 § 1 n. 6, 759.
Background reading: USCCB, Norm on age for 'permanent' diaconate, on-line here, establishing 35 years of age as minimum for ordination to 'permanent' diaconate.
1983 CIC 1032. Minimum education for diaconate. CCEO 760.
1983 CIC 1033. Confirmation required for licit ordination. CCEO 758 § 1 n. 1.
1983 CIC 1034. Admission to candidacy. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 1035. Installation as lector and acolyte. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 1036. Written declarations prior to ordinations. CCEO 761.
1983 CIC 1037. Assumption of obligation of celibacy. CCEO ≠
1983 CIC 1038. Status of deacon who refuses to advance to presbyterate. CCEO 757.
1983 CIC 1039. Five-day retreat before ordinations. CCEO 772.
1983 CIC 1040. Irregularities and simple impediments to ordination. CCEO 764.
1983 CIC 1041. Irregularities for ordination. CCEO 762 § 1 nn 1-6.
Background readings: E. Peters, "Irregularity for abortion", CLSA Advisory Opinions (2011) 109-111, pdf here, examines point at which cooperation in abortion becomes an irregularity for orders. Edward Peters, "Vasectomy as an irregularity for holy Orders", Angelicum 90 (2013) 165-187, pdf here, vasectomy does not qualify as a mutilation in the canonical tradition but law should be revised to include it.
1983 CIC 1042. Simple impediments to ordination. CCEO 762 § 1 nn. 7-8.
1983 CIC 1043. Obligation to disclose impediments. Note: CCEO 771 goes notably beyond the reporting requirements of Roman law.
Pascite 1388 olim 1983 CIC 1383. ... § 2. A person who comes forward for sacred orders bound by some censure or irregularity which he voluntarily conceals is ipso facto suspended from the order received, apart from what is established in canon 1044 § 2 n. 1.
1983 CIC 1044. Irregularities for exercise of orders. CCEO 763.
1983 CIC 1045. Ignorance of impediments is no bar to their effectiveness. CCEO 765.
1983 CIC 1046. Multiplication of irregularities and impediments. CCEO 766.
1983 CIC 1047. Dispensation from irregularities. CCEO 767 § 1-2.
1983 CIC 1048. Dispensation from irregularities in urgent, occult cases. CCEO 767 § 3.
1983 CIC 1049. Petitions for dispensations. CCEO 768.
1983 CIC 1050. Documents for ordination. CCEO 769.
1983 CIC 1051. Testimonials for ordination. CCEO 769, 771.
1983 CIC 1052. Ordaining bishop's obligation to verify readiness for ordination. CCEO 770.
1983 CIC 1053. Records and certificates of ordination. CCEO 774.
1983 CIC 1054. Recordation of ordination in baptismal register. CCEO 775.
A final thought on priesthood, taken from Joseph Pearce, Literary Converts (1999) at 307-308.
|
Night
shooting (for the film Father Brown) had been arranged to take
place in a little village on a hill-top in Burgundy. A room had been put at
my disposal in a small hotel about three kilometers away from the set.
When dusk fell I dressed in my priestly black costume and began to climb
the gritty road toward the village when, discovering that I would not be
needed on set for several more hours, I turned and started walking back
to the hotel. By now it was full dark. I hadn't gone far when I heard
scampering feet behind me and a piping voice calling "Mon pθre! Mon pθre!" My hand
was seized by a little boy of seven or eight who clutched it tightly and
kept up a non-stop prattle. He was full of excitement, hops, skips,
jumps, but never let go of me. I did not dare to speak lest my atrocious
French should scare him. Although I was a total stranger he obviously
took me for a Catholic priest and so to be trusted. Suddenly with a
"Bonsoir, mon pθre!" he hurried a sort of sideways bow and disappeared
through a hole in the hedge. He had enjoyed a happy walk home and I was
left with an odd calm sense of elation. Continuing my walk I reflected
that a Church which could inspire such confidence in a child, making its
priests, even when they are unknown, so easily approachable, could not
be as scheming and creepy as so often made out, and I began to shake off
my long-taught, long-absorbed prejudices. Alec Guinness, two
years before coming into full communion. |
| Sacramental sharing.
1917 CIC 0731. ... § 2. It is forbidden that the Sacraments of the Church be ministered to heretics and schismatics, even if they ask for them and are in good faith, unless before-hand, rejecting their errors, they are reconciled with the Church. Latine.
1983 CIC 844. Norms for sharing certain sacraments. CCEO 671.
§ 1. Catholic ministers administer the sacraments licitly to Catholic members of the Christian faithful alone, who likewise receive them licitly from Catholic ministers alone, without prejudice to the prescripts of §§ 2, 3, and 4 of this canon, and Canon 861 § 2.
§ 2. Whenever necessity requires it or true spiritual advantage suggests it, and provided that danger of error or of indifferentism is avoided, the Christian faithful for whom it is physically or morally impossible to approach a Catholic minister are permitted to receive the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick from non-Catholic ministers in whose Churches these sacraments are valid.
§ 3. Catholic ministers administer the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick licitly to members of Eastern Churches which do not have full communion with the Catholic Church if they seek such on their own accord and are properly disposed. This is also valid for members of other Churches which in the judgment of the Apostolic See are in the same condition in regard to the sacraments as these Eastern Churches.
§ 4. If the danger of death is present or if, in the judgment of the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops, some other grave necessity urges it, Catholic ministers administer these same sacraments licitly also to other Christians not having full communion with the Catholic Church, who cannot approach a minister of their own community and who seek such on their own accord, provided that they manifest Catholic faith in respect to these sacraments and are properly disposed.
§ 5. For the cases mentioned in § § 2, 3, and 4, the diocesan bishop or conference of bishops is not to issue general norms except after consultation at least with the local competent authority of the interested non-Catholic Church or community.
USCCB, doc. Guidelines for the Reception of Holy Communion (14 nov 1996), on-line here.
Gifts upon celebration of sacraments and simony.
Restriction on requests by ministers at times of celebration.
1983 CIC 848. The minister is to seek nothing for the administration of the sacraments beyond the offerings defined by competent authority, always taking care that the needy are not deprived of the assistance of the sacraments because of poverty.
Pascite 1377 ... § 2. A person who in the exercise of an office or function requests an offering beyond that which has been established, or additional sums, or something for his or her own benefit, is to be punished with an appropriate monetary fine or with other penalties, not excluding deprivation of office, without prejudice to the obligation of repairing the harm.
Crime of simony.
Acts VIII:18-23. Now when Simon saw that the Spirit was given through the laying on of the apostles' hands, he offered them money, saying, "Give me also this power, that any one on whom I lay my hands may receive the Holy Spirit." But Peter said to him, "Your silver perish with you, because you thought you could obtain the gift of God with money! You have neither part nor lot in this matter, for your heart is not right before God. Repent therefore of this wickedness of yours, and pray to the Lord that, if possible, the intent of your heart may be forgiven you. For I see that you are in the gall of bitterness and in the bond of iniquity."
CCC 2121. Simony is defined as the buying or selling of spiritual things. To Simon the magician, who wanted to buy the spiritual power he saw at work in the apostles, St. Peter responded: "Your silver perish with you, because you thought you could obtain God's gift with money!" [Acts VIII: 9-24]. Peter thus held to the words of Jesus: "You received without pay, give without pay." It is impossible to appropriate to oneself spiritual goods and behave toward them as their owner or master for they have their source in God. One can receive them only from him without payment.
1917 CIC 727. § 1. By divine law, simony is the studied will to buy or sell for a temporal price an intrinsically spiritual thing, for example, Sacraments, ecclesiastical jurisdiction, consecration, indulgences, and so forth, or temporal things so connected with spiritual things that without the spiritual they cannot exist, for example, ecclesiastical benefices, and so on, or a spiritual thing that is, even in part, the object of a contract, for example, the consecration of a chalice consecrated in sale. § 2. By ecclesiastical law, simony is to give temporal things that are attached to spiritual ones for other temporal things that are attached to spiritual, or spiritual things for spiritual things, or even temporal for temporal if, in so doing, there is a danger of that irreverence toward spiritual things that is prohibited by the Church. Latine.
Pascite 1380 olim 1983 CIC 1380. A person who through simony celebrates or receives a sacrament is to be punished with an interdict or suspension or the penalties mentioned in can. 1336 §§ 2-4.
Universi dominici gregis (1996) 78. If God forbid in the election of the Roman Pontiff the crime of simony were to be perpetrated, I decree and declare that all those guilty thereof shall incur excommunication latae sententiae. At the same time I remove the nullity or invalidity of the same simoniacal provision [per CIC 0149 § 3], in order that as was already established by my Predecessors the validity of the election of the Roman Pontiff may not for this reason be challenged.
Ecclesiastical Funerals. 1983 CIC 1176 to 1185.
1983 CIC 1183. Ecclesiastical burial of non-Catholics. CCEO 875, 876 §§ 1, 2.
1983 CIC 1184. Deprivation of funerals. CCEO 877.
1917 CIC 1240. § 1. Unless they gave before death a sign of repentance, the following are deprived of ecclesiastical burial: 1° Notorious apostates from the christian faith, or those who notoriously gave their name to heretical sects or schismatic or masonic sects, or other societies of this sort; 2° Excommunicates or those under interdict after a condemnatory or declaratory sentence; 3° Those who killed themselves by deliberate counsel; 4° Those who died in a duel, or from wounds related thereto; 5° Those who ordered that their body be handed over for cremation; 6° Other public and manifest sinners. § 2. If there is any doubt about the occurrence of the above-mentioned in a case, the Ordinary is to be consulted if there is time; if doubt remains, the body should be accorded ecclesiastical burial, but in such a way that scandal is removed. Latine.
Background material: David Tennant's "Hamlet" (BBC, 2009), Ophelia's funeral, on-line here.
Enter the King, Queen, Laertes, Lords attendant, and the
corpse of Ophelia
with a Doctor of Divinity.
LAERTES: What ceremony else?
HAMLET:
That is Laertes, a very noble youth. Mark. LAERTES: What ceremony else?
DOCTOR:
Her obsequies have been as far enlarged,
As we have warranty.
Her death was doubtful, And, but that great command, oersways the order,
She should in ground unsanctified been lodged,
Till the last
trumpet. For charitable prayers,
(Shards), flints, and pebbles should be thrown on
her.
Yet here she is allowed her
virgin crants,
Her maiden strewments, and the bringing home
Of bell and burial.
LAERTES:
Must there no more be done? DOCTOR: No more [can] be done. We should profane the service of the dead, To sing a requiem and such rest to her As to peace-parted souls.
Background reading: Peters, wbp Funeral controversies, here.
1983 CIC 1185. Funeral Masses excluded when ecclesiastical burial forbidden. CCEO ≠.
Exorcism. (major).
1983 CIC 1172. Exorcism. Latine. CCEO ≠.
Background readings:
Report by the (Sacred) Congregation of the Faith on "Christian Faith and Demonology (no date), Eng. on-line here.
Cong. for Doctrine of the Faith (Ratzinger), Norms on Exorcisms (29 sep 1985). Eng. CLD XI: 276-277, on-line here.
[The Roman Ritual], De exorcismis et supplicationibus quibusdam [Exorcisms and Certain Supplications] (Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1999) 84 pp.
USCCB, wbp "Exorcism", on-line here.
Edward Peters, reviews of: J. Forteas, Interview with an Exorcist: An Insider's Look, in Antiphon 10 (2006) 296-297 (recommending); G. Amorth, An Exorcist Tells His Story, in This Rock (Jan 2000) 40 (sharply criticizing), text here; T. Allen, Possessed: The True Story of an Exorcism, in Southern Cross (23 Sep 1993) 34 (recommending), text here.
Scholion on: Sacred places.1983 CIC1205 to 1234.
For use in worship, piety, religion, or other uses that do not contradict sacred character (c. 1210). All are so designated by the ordinary (yes, probably meant diocesan bishop and/or religious superior).
Church
c. 1214, intended for divine worship, to which faithful have the right of access. c. 1219, all acts of divine worship permitted. c. 1221, entry to be free during times of worship.
Oratory
c. 1223, set aside for divine worship by members of a community but others may use with permission. c. 1225, all acts of divine worship permitted except those excluded by law, etc.
Chapel
c. 1226, set aside for divine worship by private persons (implying no right of access for others). c. 1228, acts of divine worship require authorization (but, under some permissions could be on-going).
Shrine
c. 1230, a church or other sacred place as an object of pilgrimage. c. 1233, liturgical use could be extended by privilege.
Liturgy of the Hours.
Background reading: Paul VI (reg. 1963-1978), ap. con. Laudis canticum (1 nov 1970), AAS 63 (1971) 527-535, Eng. on-line here. (Sacred) Cong. for Divine Worship, "General Instruction on the Liturgy of the Hours" (2 feb 1971), (Vatican Polyglot, 1971), in DOL 3431-3714 (doc 429), on-line here.
1983 CIC 1173. The Divine Office. CCEO ≠.
1983 CIC 1174. Obligation of Divine Office. CCEO 377.
1983 CIC 0276. In leading their lives clerics are bound in a special way to pursue holiness ... § 2. In order to pursue this perfection: ... n. 3 priests and deacons aspiring to the presbyterate are obliged to carry out the liturgy of the hours according to the proper and approved liturgical books... .
1917 CIC 0124. Clerics must lead an interior and exterior life holier than that of laity and should excel in rendering them an example of virtue and good deeds.
1983 CIC 1175. Timing of the Divine Office throughout day. CCEO ≠.
Sacramental crimes and abuse of ministry or office.
Simulation of sacraments.
Pascite 1379 olim 1983 CIC 1378, 1379.
§ 1. The following incur an automatic interdict or, if a cleric, also an automatic suspension:
1° a person who, not being an ordained priest, attempts the liturgical celebration of the Eucharistic Sacrifice;
2° a person who, apart from the case mentioned in can. 1384 [absolution of an accomplice], though unable to give valid sacramental absolution, attempts to do so, or hears a sacramental confession.
§ 2. In the cases mentioned in § 1, other penalties, not excluding excommunication, can be added, according to the gravity of the offence.
§ 3. Both a person who attempts to confer a sacred order on a woman, and the woman who attempts to receive the sacred order, incur an automatic excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See; a cleric, moreover, may be punished by dismissal from the clerical state.
§ 4. A person who deliberately administers a sacrament to those who are prohibited from receiving it is to be punished with suspension, to which other penalties mentioned in can. 1336 §§ 2-4 may be added.
§ 5. A person who, apart from the cases mentioned in §§ 1-4 and in can. 1384, pretends to administer a sacrament is to be punished with a just penalty.
Background Reading: Edward Peters, "Simulation of the Precious Blood in Eucharistic celebration", CLSA Advisory Opinions: (2012) 106-111, pdf here, simulation attempted for "pastoral" reasons is still simulation. > Pascite 1379.
Illicit performance of non-sacramental sacred ministry.
Pascite 1389 olim 1983 CIC 1384. A person who, apart from the cases mentioned in cann. 1379-1388, unlawfully exercises the office of a priest or another sacred ministry, is to be punished with a just penalty, not excluding a censure.
Abuse of office.
Pascite 1378 olim 1983 CIC 1389. § 1. A person who, apart from the cases already foreseen by the law, abuses ecclesiastical power, office, or function, is to be punished according to the gravity of the act or the omission, not excluding by deprivation of the power or office, without prejudice to the obligation of repairing the harm. § 2. A person who, through culpable negligence, unlawfully and with harm to another or scandal, performs or omits an act of ecclesiastical power or office or function, is to be punished according to the provision of can. 1336 §§ 2-4, without prejudice to the obligation of repairing the harm.
Falsehoods.
Pascite 1390 olim 1983 CIC 1390. § 1. A person who falsely denounces a confessor of the offense mentioned in can. 1385 to an ecclesiastical Superior incurs an automatic interdict and, if a cleric, he incurs also a suspension. § 2. A person who calumniously denounces some other offense to an ecclesiastical Superior, or otherwise unlawfully injures the good name of another is to be punished according to the provision of can. 1336 §§ 2-4 to which moreover a censure may be added. § 3. The calumniator must also be compelled to make appropriate amends.
Background reading: Edward Peters, "Retrospectives on Benedict XIV's const. Sacramentum poenitentiae (1741)", Apollinaris (2011) 581-605, pdf here.
Pascite 1391 olim 1983 CIC 1391. The following are to be punished with the penalties mentioned in can. 1336 §§ 2-4 according to the gravity of the offence: 1° a person who composes a false public ecclesiastical document, or who changes, destroys, or conceals a genuine one, or who uses a false or altered one; 2° a person who in an ecclesiastical matter uses some other false or altered document; 3° a person who, in a public ecclesiastical document, asserts something false.
Holy Oils.
1983 CIC 847. Provisions on holy oils. CCEO 993.
Background reading: Elliott, Question Box 158-159 (adding oils).
Scholion on necessity of sacraments. conf 787
Liturgical books.
1983 CIC 846. Authority of the liturgical books, bi-ritualism. CCEO 668, 674.
Background Reading: Edward Peters, "Liturgical Law: the Last Labyrinth", Adoremus Bulletin (Sep 1996) 3, text here, explaining why liturgical law is so difficult to track down.
Nb: 1917 CIC 733.
|
| | Materials on this website represent the opinions of Dr. Edward Peters and are offered in accord with Canon 212 § 3. This website undergoes continual refinement and development. No warranty of completeness or correctness is made. Dr. Peters' views are not necessarily shared by others in the field nor are they intended as canonical or civil advice.
CanonLaw.info Homepage & Site Directory / Help support CanonLaw.info / Original Materials © Edward N. Peters | |
Staging