Gregorian chant version, here.
David Noe grammar analysis, here.
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| Tamarack Christian Latin, Ritchie Overhead |
1 feb 2026 |
| Overview |
This page is under development. This page facilitates the use of Ritchie's Exercises in Latin Prose Composition (1893) in a seated classroom or a structured tutoring program.
Frank Ritchie (English, 1847-1917), Exercises in Latin Prose Composition [1893], in the public domain at HathiTrust (Longmans' 8th ed., 1907, 219 pp.), here, with Contents I and II and Contents III and IV; or Internet Archive (Longmans' 9th ed., 1910, 219 pp.), here.
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Exercises |
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035 |
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Suggested
Materials |
Ritchie's work not being a textbook or 'self-teaching' course, some accompanying materials, selected by the teacher or tutor, are likely to be useful. Among good options would be:
•
Memoria Press Latin curriculum, info
here.
•
John Collins (American, 1937-2002), A Primer of Ecclesiastical Latin (Catholic University of America, 1985 or later) 451 pp.,
info here.
• Robert
Henle (American Jesuit, 1909-2000), Latin
Grammar (Loyola, 1945 and later), not to be confused with Henle's
multi-volume textbooks, his single volume grammar is packed with
illustrations and technical points.
• Richard Prior & Joseph Wohlberg, 501 Latin Verbs fully conjugated in all the tenses (Barron's Educational Series, 1995 or later) 548 pp., as titled.
• Basil Gildersleeve (American, 1831-1924), Gildersleeve’s Latin Grammar [1867], as revised by Gonzalez Lodge, (Dover, 2009) 546 pp., a professional grammar, on-line here.
• Apps such as SPQR (small fee, Latin~English dictionary and much more, info here) or William Whittaker's Words (free, dictionary for Latin only, info here). |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Comparative Adjectives continued. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Comparative Adjectives begun. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Conjugation IV (indicative passive) perfect tenses. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Conjugation IV (indicative passive) present tenses. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Declension V, masculine and feminine. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
in |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
There are no neuters in Decl. V. |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Conjugation III (indicative passive) perfect tenses |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Conjugation IV (indicative passive) present tenses |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Declension IV, masculine and feminine. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Conjugation II (indicative passive) perfect tenses |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Conjugation II (indicative passive) present tenses |
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Nouns |
▫ |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Third Declension Adjectives. • Apposition. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Third Declension Adjectives. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Passive voice, pluperfect & future perfect. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
a, ab, (abs) |
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Conjunctions |
▫ |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
Preposition basics, here. |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Passive voice, perfect. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
Participle basics, here. |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Passive voice, present tenses. |
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Nouns |
turris, -is |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
portare • culpare • monstrare |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
sum, esse, fui, futurus |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
durus • timidus • altus • aeger, aegrum |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
Esse chart, here. |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Declension III, i-stem |
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Nouns |
ovis, -is • avis, -is • navis, -is • hostis, -is • mare, maris |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
vincere |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Declension III, neuter |
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Nouns |
nomen, nominis • carmen, carminis • opus, operis • onus, oneris • flumen, fluminis |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Declension III, masculine & feminine |
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Nouns |
judex, judicis • miles, militis • vox, vocis, • virgo, virginis • rex, regis • leo, leonis |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Conjugation IV (indicative, active) perfect & pluperfect & future perfect. |
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Nouns |
porta • oppidum |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
claudere • frangere |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Conjugation IV (indicative, active) present & imperfect & future. |
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Nouns |
murus |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
erudire • punire • impedire |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
First-Second Adjectives in '-er'. |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
pulcher, pulchra • miser, misera • vester, vestra • noster, nostra |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
First-Second Declension Adjectives |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
magnus • parvus • longus • meus • tuus • multus |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
Adjective basics, here. |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Conjugation III (indicative, active) perfect & pluperfect & future perfect. |
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Nouns |
filius (filia) • nuntius • Julia (Julius) |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
et • (et ... et) • (vel) • (vel ... vel) |
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Interjections |
▫ |
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Notes |
Conjunction basics, here. |
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Ritchie LPC |
Grammar |
Conjugation III (indicative, active) present & imperfect & future. |
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Nouns |
▫ |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
ducere • mittere • scribere |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC |
Grammar |
Declension II, neuter |
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Nouns |
donum • telum |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC |
Grammar |
Declension II, masculine & feminine. |
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Nouns |
servus (serva) • amicus (amica) • magister, magistri (magistra) • liber, libri |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
terrēre |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
▫ |
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Ritchie LPC |
Grammar |
Conjugation II (indicative, active) perfect & pluperfect & future perfect. |
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Nouns |
aqua • ira |
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Pronouns |
▫ |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
▫ |
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Grammar |
Conjugation II (indicative, active) present & imperfect & future. |
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Nouns |
▫ |
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Pronouns |
▫ |
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Adjectives |
▫ |
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Verbs |
docēre • tenēre • timēre |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Grammar |
Declension I. |
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Nouns |
epistola • sagitta |
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Pronouns |
▫ |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
▫ |
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Grammar |
Conjugation I (indicative, active) pluperfect & future perfect. • Subject-verb agreement. |
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Nouns |
hasta • puella • regina |
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Pronouns |
▫ |
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Adjectives |
▫ |
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Verbs |
volare • vulnerare |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
▫ |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
Noun basics, here. • There are no neuters in Decl. I. |
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Ritchie LPC |
Grammar |
Conjugation I (indicative, active) perfect. |
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Nouns |
▫ |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
▫ |
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Ritchie LPC
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Grammar |
Conjugation I (indicative, active) imperfect & future. |
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Nouns |
▫ |
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Pronouns |
▫ |
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Adjectives |
▫ |
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Verbs |
laudare • rogare |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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Ritchie LPC
here.
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Grammar |
Conjugation I (indicative, active) present. |
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Nouns |
▫ |
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Pronouns |
▫ |
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Adjectives |
▫ |
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Verbs |
cantare • pugnare • saltare • vocare |
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Adverbs |
non |
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Prepositions |
▫ |
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Conjunctions |
▫ |
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Interjections |
▫ |
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Notes |
Verb basics, here. • Memorize the "principal parts" of verbs as soon as encountered. Charts for some selected verbs, here. |
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• First thoughts toward learning Latin, here. • Kinds of words (parts of speech), here. • Notes on sentences, here.
• ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum • amo, amare, amavi, amatum • canto, cantare, cantavi, cantatum • cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum • do, dare, dedi, datum • existimo, existimare, existimavi, existimatum • iuvo, iuvare, iuvi, iutum • laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum • manduco, manducare, manducavi, manducatum • oro, orare, oravi, oratum • paro, parare, paravi, paratum • servo, servare, servavi, servatum • sto, stare, steti, statum |
Staging
|
St. Thomas |
8th grade |
MON SEP |
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Discenda |
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Exercitio |
Discipuli |
Discipulae |
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St. Thomas |
11th grade (II) |
MON SEP 8 |
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| Examples of the importance of Latin spelling changes (nouns):
Examples of the importance of Latin spelling changes (verbs):
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| Examples of the importance of English word order:
Examples of the relative unimportance of Latin word order:
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| 1. Most Latin words, especially nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs, consist of two parts, a 'base' (stem / root) at the beginning of the word and an 'ending' (termination) at the end. The base of a Latin word indicates its broad referent while the ending identifies the grammatical role the word is performing. It is crucial to understand that most Latin words, unlike most English words, convey two pieces of information: the basic referent for the word (which English words also do) and the specific grammatical function that word is performing (which English words rarely do).
Examples of the double service that many Latin words perform:
2. Latin nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, because they perform two functions (shown by their endings often changing) take some getting used to for English speakers. Latin verbs, and to a lesser degree adverbs, change forms a bit less often (though still more often than they do in English) but, if you know anything about, say, Spanish or French, these changes are not so startling. Latin prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections are small but important words that almost never change spelling.
3. Don't be surprised if you come to see Latin words as being 'more powerful' than English words in that most Latin words (by their ability to appear in slightly different forms) perform more grammatical work in a sentence than do equivalent English words. Consider: English translations of Latin prayers almost always need more words to convey the same thoughts originally expressed in the Latin.
• Back to Kinds of words, here.
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1. The most common use for nouns in Latin and English is to express the "subjects" and "objects" of verbs, but nouns can also, for example, indicate possession or location or they can work in prepositional phrases. Latin uses cases to indicate these different functions. By the way, because English long ago lost its case system, English had to find other ways to indicate the grammatical role that a noun is performing in a sentence and eventually settled on word order to convey such information. 2. In brief, the NOMINATIVE case names the subject; the GENITIVE shows a possessor; the DATIVE is the indirect (object); the ACCUSATIVE is the direct (object); and the ABLATIVE is just about everything else. Knowing declensions is essential.
• Declension Charts, here. Example of the use of the five major Latin cases:
3. It has been estimated that approximately one-fifth of Latin nouns belong to the first declension, about one-fourth belong to the second declension, and nearly one half belong to the third declension. The fourth and fifth declensions, though containing some very important nouns, together comprise less than five per cent of Latin nouns.
• Back to Noun Basics, here. |
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1. Most Latin verbs in the indicative mood come in six tenses. Three of these tenses (imperfect, present, and future) are collectively called "present tenses" because their base is identified from the first principal part of the verb, and three of the tenses are collectively called "perfect tenses" because their base is identified from the third principal part of the verb. Chart of the regular, indicative mood endings, here.
2. Many Latin verbs, like many English verbs, come in two "voices" (active and passive) depending on whether the subject of the verb is doing the verbal action or is receiving the verbal action. Consider: "John hits the ball" vs "The ball is hit by John".
3. Latin and English verbs have four "moods" (indicative, subjunctive, imperative, and infinitive*) that indicate the 'attitude' of the speaker using the verb toward that verb. English verb moods exist but they are expressed in ways quite different from Latin.
• Principle parts for selected verbs, here.
• Back to Verb Basics, here. |
| Quick chart for regular verbs (in the active voice and the indicative mood).
• Charts for two of the most important irregular Latin verbs, esse and posse, here.
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| Selected verbs (regular)
Irregular verbs: esse and posse, here. |
| AMDG | OPN | SPQR |
| RIP / BVM / JMJ |
| English to Latin Sentences |
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| English | Latin | English | Latin |
| -are verbs, ambulare, cantare, intrare, laudare, manducare |
| 01 | You sing. | A) | Y'all sing. | B) |
| 02 | Am I walking? | A) | They are walking. | B) |
| 03 | He walks and praises. | A) | Do you walk? | B) |
| 04 | She does not eat. | A) | They are not eating. | B) |
| 05 | We enter. | A) | I eat. | B) |
| 06 | She walks. | A) | We are not entering. | B) |
| 07 | They are going in. | A) | We are not praising. | B) |
| 08 | Do we praise? | A) | Y'all praise. | B) |
| 09 | He eats. | A) | They do not walk. | B) |
| 10 | I go in. | A) | I eat. | B) |
| -ere verbs, docere, sedere |
| 01 | I teach. | A) | We are not teaching. | B) |
| 02 | We teach. | A) | Does she teach? | B) |
| 03 | They are not sitting | A) | Do you sit? | B) |
| 04 | He is sitting. | A) | You sit. | B) |
| 05 | Y'all sit. | A) | He does sit. | B) |
| 06 | Are we teaching and sitting? | A) | He sits. | B) |
| 07 | He is not sitting. | A) | They do not teach. | B) |
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Gregorian chant version, here. David Noe grammar analysis, here.
Crusader shield image
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| How low can you go? Verbs.
What is a verb? What is a person? How many persons in verbs? What is a number? How many numbers in verbs? What is a conjugation? How many conjugations of verbs?
Telling time in Ancient Rome, Youtube here.
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These forms are easy to learn and use.
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| English to Latin, 2. Dative of the possessor |
| If some word/s appear/s in bold start your translation with it/them. |
| Mary has the document. |
| Mary has the documents. |
| Mary will have the documents. |
| The Church belongs to Jesus. |
| Mary had the document but now Paul has it. |
| Glory and power belong to the Lord. |
| We will have the glory in heaven. |
| Heaven has good angels. |
| Domina has a mother. |
| Translate the following sentences into English. If some word/s appear/s in bold start your translation with it/them. |
| We love Jesus. |
| We will love Jesus. |
| The Church was loving Jesus. |
| Sextus was walking in the street. |
| Mother and father were in church. |
| Mother prays in the church and in the street. |
| Peter is with Paul. |
| Is the prophet in the church? |
| Are the prophets in the church? |
| -are verbs, ambulare, cantare, intrare, laudare, manducare |
| 01 | You sing. | A) | Y'all sing. | B) |
| 02 | Am I walking? | A) | They are walking. | B) |
| 03 | He walks and praises. | A) | Do you walk? | B) |
| 04 | She does not eat. | A) | They are not eating. | B) |
| 05 | We enter. | A) | I eat. | B) |
| 06 | She walks. | A) | We are not entering. | B) |
| 07 | They are going in. | A) | We are not praising. | B) |
| 08 | Do we praise? | A) | Y'all praise. | B) |
| 09 | He eats. | A) | They do not walk. | B) |
| 10 | I go in. | A) | I eat. | B) |
| -ere verbs, docere, sedere |
| 01 | I teach. | A) | We are not teaching. | B) |
| 02 | We teach. | A) | Does she teach? | B) |
| 03 | They are not sitting | A) | Do you sit? | B) |
| 04 | He is sitting. | A) | You sit. | B) |
| 05 | Y'all sit. | A) | He does sit. | B) |
| 06 | Are we teaching and sitting? | A) | He sits. | B) |
| 07 | He is not sitting. | A) | They do not teach. | B) |
| nouns (identifying things) pronouns (standing in for nouns) adjectives (describing nouns) | verbs (identifying actions) adverbs (describing actions)
More on: Kinds of words
5. English and Latin words, in their written form, are composed of letters drawn from nearly the same alphabet (Latin lacks 'k' and 'w', and uses 'z' rarely). These letters are arranged in generally accepted orders usually derived from phonics. Latin letters, in contrast to English letters, are pronounced with much greater consistency making the relationship between spoken and written Latin much clearer than it is in English.
1. In both Latin and English there are eight kinds of words (technically, "parts of speech"), namely:
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prepositions (coordinating nouns) conjunctions (coordinating various) interjections (spicing up sentences) |
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Dr. Edward Peters, Latin Learning Aids Regular Conjugation Verbs, Active Voice
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Regular Conjugation Verbs, Active Voice
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE
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Ex. 0
Ritchie LPC
here.
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Grammar |
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Nouns |
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Pronouns |
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Adjectives |
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Verbs |
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Adverbs |
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Prepositions |
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Conjunctions |
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Interjections |
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Notes |
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